Introduction to the religious background of
pre- Buddhist India
There are very few countries that have the longest history in the world. One of them is India. BC When the Buddha descended in India in his 6th century, the main religion was Brahminism. Bamunan is a group of people who immigrated to India. They entered India from the north-west coasts and settled in the upper reaches of the Ganga between 2000-1500 AD. In later times, they gradually spread their power by conquering colonies all over India.
According to the D. Ni Brahmajala Sutra, there were 62 two precepts in India at the time of the Buddha. Brahminism is a creationist religion. It acknowledges that the world and creatures were created by Ishwara or the Great Brahma. Also, this is a monotheism. It is also considered as a monotheistic religion because only God Brahma is believed in.
Vedic literature analyzes the thoughts, wishes, manners, etc. of the people of pre-Buddhist India. Therefore, there is a strong relationship between Buddhist literature and Vedic literature. Vedic literature is helpful in the study of the Buddha period. According to Vedic literature, Indian history can be analyzed under 04 Yugas.
1 Vedic Age 2 Brahmanical Age 03 Aranyaka Age 04 Upanishad Age
1 The Vedic Age
It is not possible to state with certainty when the beginning of the Vedic era took place. Various scholars have expressed different opinions about this. In the early days, the Aryans who settled in northern India did not have a supporter to help them in their sufferings. They were helped only by objects and phenomena of nature. When they became aware of its functioning, they sometimes expressed fear that it was due to some mysterious force, so they attributed a deity to it and started performing pujas. Thus treating the objects of nature as goddesses can be seen as a main feature of Vedic religion. At that time, the places where the objects that were considered as gods are located can be classified into three parts.
1 Celestial Gods - The gods in the sky were called Sun, Sun, Stars, Stars, Soma, Clouds, and Clouds.
2 Space Gods - Gods between the sky and the earth are called Space Gods. Rain - Parjanya Sulaga - Marut Electricity Vijju Aruna - Ushas Air - Vayu
3 Bhumastha Gods - The Gods on Earth are called Tree - Ruksha Fire Fire Water - Varuna Forest Rudra Parvata Pabibata Earth - Bhusara.
Sun, heart, stars, trees, rocks, trees, etc. have performed various pujas for the deities. These pujas were known as Yaga Homa. Milk, ghee, fruit grains taken as daily food and drink have been offered for Yaga Home. It was hoped that various things would be accomplished by performing Puda Puja. by the time 1 Hoping for male children or male sons 2 Getting more harvest 3 Waiting for rain in the villa 4 Protecting from natural calamities 5 Getting rid of sickness and troubles etc. Thus, this era in which many gods were worshiped is known as Bahu Deva Vadi era. In order to please the Gods, people at this time started not only worshiping and worshiping, but also started singing hymns reciting the virtues of God. There are 04 Vedas
1 Rig Veda 2 Yajur Veda 3 Sama Veda 4 Atharvan Veda The religious thoughts of the Vishu people of the Rig Vedic period were characterized by simple and complex characteristics. During this period, it seems that natural objects were ascribed divinity and worshiped. They believed that worshiping God was a way to get rid of life's calamities and to fulfill needs beyond their strength and intelligence. Accordingly, they are special among the Pidu gods, Varuna, Sun, Earth, Agni, Vayu, Parjanya etc. The Rigveda is divided into chapters. These are divided according to the names of the sages and the subjects. The oldest stotras are found from the second chapter to the ninth chapter. Only the tenth chapter is considered a later chapter. Yajurveda includes the methods of sacrifices and methods of performing sacrifices, how to perform sacrifices regularly to fulfill one's wishes. The types of sacrifices to be performed for deceased relatives and kings are described here. The special feature is that when the horse is sacrificed, a Bamun plays the veena and a Kshatriya caste sings the praises of the king. The hymns to be sung in national festivals and public gatherings are included in the Sama Veda. Also, the religious ceremonies for the dead are also mentioned in the Sama Veda.
By the time of the Atharvan Vedic era, people's ideas had changed a lot. At this time, not only God, but also demons and demons were believed strongly. Apart from that, it also includes mantras to be chanted to remove the evils caused by demons and demons. 2 The Brahmanical Age After the Vedic age comes the Brahmin age. The polytheism that existed in the Vedic era became a monotheism in this era. The only God, the great Brahman, was shown by Bamunan that the creation and destruction of the world takes place according to his will. The great Brahman was named as Sarma Baladari Sarvato Badra Sarva Darshi Sarvanya. Bamunan had pointed out that sacrifices should be performed to please the great Brahma who has such power. Another distinctive feature of the Brahmin age is the caste system. That caste system is Brahmin Kshatriya Vaishya Shudra. Under the caste, Brahmins did not forget to introduce themselves as the highest people in the society. Also, Brahmin priests became the intermediary God's representative who built the relationship between the masses and God. Concepts like Triveda and Purity were socialized in this age
3 Forest Age The people who were deeply hurt and frustrated by the various concepts introduced by the Bamans rose up against them, doubted the teachings of the Bamans and rejected them. In addition, they criticized them mercilessly and introduced the latest method called Jnana Maragaya. The teaching system was based on non-violence, Brahmins were exalted, Yagya, Triveda, Udakaparishuddhi, Maha Brahma etc. concepts were severely criticized. Brahmachari practices were introduced for the liberation of the soul in the Aranyaka era. These teachings encouraged people to act as meditative yogins in solitude in the forest, and the people who were in the forest were able to gain more meditation. In this era, free thinking was fundamental. It paved the way for a Buddhist revolution and that's why there was a special interest in deep philosophies. Philosophical ideologies arose about concepts such as animals, world, karma, moksha, origin, soul. As a result, ascetic Ajivaka Achelaka Sachelaka Parbrajaka Jatila religious people as well as Shat Shastras came down in this era. 4 Upanishad Age The era that follows the Aranyaka era is the Upanishad era. The Upanishads give the idea that they are secrets to be learned. In the era of Upanishads, the teacher secretly sent a vision to the student to be studied and learned, which is called Vidanta. The anti-Brahminism that was introduced in the Aranyaka period grew further in this period due to the interest shown in free ideologies, which gave rise to the opportunity to act independently of the conservatism. AD to the 2nd century AD. The Upanishad era extends up to the 8th century. The Upanishads do not include the philosophical ideas that have developed according to the order of the same period. They contain many philosophical ideas presented by different philosophers over a long period of time. Mainly discussed here is Atma Vada Karma Purbhavaya Lokothpatthiya Brahma Adi concept due to the socialization of these concepts and the necessary social background for Buddha Pahlavima in the 6th century AD.
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